Optimizing Energy Management in the Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, Harvesting and Algorithmic Frameworks

Author

Gazel Salim, Prof. Riya Prakash, Prof. (Dr). L. C. Manikandan


Abstract

 The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the deployment of billions of interconnected, battery-powered sensing nodes across smart cities, industrial automation, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. However, energy supply remains the primary bottleneck restricting continuous operation, system reliability, and long-term sustainability. Traditional battery replacement strategies are economically unviable and ecologically hazardous for large-scale or geographically remote deployments. Consequently, optimizing energy management across hardware, communication, operating system, and data processing layers has emerged as a fundamental research imperative. This paper presents a comprehensive study on energy management optimization in IoT networks. We examine the structural breakdown of power consumption within IoT architectures and establish mathematical formulations for energy modeling. We critically evaluate power optimization strategies spanning physical layer sleepcycling, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, energy-aware network routing, ambient energy harvesting, and edge-level machine learning frameworks. Furthermore, we analyze energysecurity trade-offs under lightweight cryptographic primitives. Finally, open research challenges regarding battery degradation, intermittent computing, and cross-layer optimization are presented to delineate future research directions.



Keywords

Internet of Things (IoT), Energy Management Optimization, Ambient Energy Harvesting, Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), Energy-Aware Routing Protocols, Edge Intelligence (TinyML), Intermittent Computing, Lightweight Cryptography.



Full Text:

Download Paper PDF


References


  1. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash, "Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347–2376, 2015.
  2. Sudevalayam and P. Kulkarni, "Energy harvesting sensor nodes: Survey and implications," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 443–461, 2011.
  3. K. Shaikh and S. Zeadally, "Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 55, pp. 1041– 1054, 2016.
  4. Ojha, S. Misra, and N. S. Raghuwanshi, "Wireless sensor networks for clean environment: A survey," IET Wireless Sensor Systems, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 106–113, 2015.
  5. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito, "The Internet of Things: A survey," Computer Networks, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787–2805, 2010.
  6. T. Lazarescu, "Design of a wireless sensor network platform for low-power wearable applications," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 2569–2577, 2013.
  7. A. A. H. El-Maleh and A. P. Chandrakasan, "Energy-aware dynamic voltage and frequency scaling algorithms for embedded IoT platforms," IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1890–1901, 2019.
  8. Dunkels, B. Gronvall, and T. Voigt, "Contiki – a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors," in Proc. 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), 2004, pp. 455–462.
  9. S. A. Ghaffar, M. H. Anisi, and I. Ali, "Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A review," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 93450–93468, 2021.
  10. Prabha and V. R. Sharma, "Survey on energy harvesting techniques and power management strategies for IoT devices," IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 812–825, 2022.
  11. P. Bormann, M. Ersue, and A. Keranen, "Terminology for Constrained-Node Networks," RFC 7228, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 2014.
  12. J. Loschi, L. A. C. Motta, and F. D. V. R. Da Silva, "A review on IoT and machine learning for energy management," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 195721–195740, 2020.
  13. R. Palattella, N. Accettura, X. Vilajosana, T. Watteyne, L. A. Grieco, and G. Boggia, "Standardized Internet of Things for Smart Cities: The IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN Architecture," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 100–106, 2013.
  14. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim, and Z. Han, "Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 757–789, 2015.
  15. C. Shah and J. M. Rabaey, "Energy aware routing for low power wireless sensor networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2002, vol. 1, pp. 350–355.

Share your valuable work from Social Media Buttons