KINETICS STUDIES AND OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SHEA BUTTER AND CaO/TiO2 AS CATALYST USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Author

Buhari Labaran, Mohammed Mukhtar Mohammed, Auwal Sarkinnoma, Dahiru Mohammed


Abstract

 Global demand for clean and sustainable energy triggered by the negative environmental impacts and fossil fuels resource depletion has intensified the quest for alternative renewable energy sources. Biodiesel produced via transesterification of fat/oil with alcohol in the presence of catalyst has emerged as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative of conventional diesel fuel. Shea butter/oil extracted form Shea seed using n-hexane was used for the production of biodiesel. The physic-chemical properties revealed the extracted oil has a pH of 7.36, specific gravity of 0.85, density of 831 kg/m3, acid value of 0.33 mgKOH/g, free fatty acid 0.17 mgKOH/g, peroxide value of 0.43 mEq/kg, iodine value of 32.33 gI2/100g, flash point of 168 °C, pour point 7 °C and cloud point 11°C. The biodiesel production parameters including reaction time, catalyst loading and ethanol/oil molar ratio were optimized using Response surface methodology with central composite design at 65 °C. The experimental results obtained revealed a 98.50 % optimum biodiesel yield by tranesterifying Shea seed oil with 0.5 g of calcium oxide impregnated with titanium dioxide catalyst and ethanol: oil molar ratio of 12:1 for 1 hr. The kinetic data from the experiment were fitted for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order kinetics. The kinetics correlation coefficient obtained in this study for the three models increase linearly with the model sophistication, from R² = 0.7897 for the zeroth order, R² = 0.9335 for the first order, and to R² = 0.9943 for the second order kinetics. Therefore, the kinetic behavior of the transesterication followed second-order kinetics. 



Keywords

shea butter, biodiesel, optimization, response surface methodology, central composite design, kinetic studies.



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References


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