Antifouling Multifunctional Dental Material:” Zwitterionic”- A Scoping Review.

Author

Dr. B. Lakshmana Rao, Dr. K. Deepa Lakshmi, Dr. N. Praveen Kumar, Dr. K. Bhanu Prasad, Dr. P. Ravi Teja


Abstract

 Microorganisms often colonize dental biomaterials, which remains a major problem in restorative dentistry, orthodontics, prosthodontics, implant dentistry, and regenerative dental treatments. Traditional antibacterial methods mostly use agents that kill or inhibit bacteria, but these can have drawbacks such as short-lasting effects, toxicity, changes in material strength, and the risk of bacteria becoming resistant. Zwitterionic methacrylates are a new class of functional monomers and polymers that take a different approach, focusing on antifouling properties. These materials have both positive and negative charges in the same molecule and can hold a lot of water. This hydration layer helps prevent proteins from sticking and stops bacteria from attaching, which disrupts the early stages of biofilm formation. The most studied zwitterionic methacrylates include 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), and carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA). Researchers have tested these materials in resin composites, adhesives, orthodontic glues, denture bases, 3D printing resins, fluoride varnishes, and coatings for implants. Studies show they can repel proteins, reduce biofilm formation, and remain biocompatible while maintaining the necessary mechanical properties when formulated correctly. However, challenges remain, including increased water absorption, potential weakening of the material, effects of the curing process, and a lack of long-term clinical data. In the future, zwitterionic methacrylates may be used in materials that combine antifouling with antibacterial, remineralizing, regenerative, and tissue-integrating features. This review covers their chemistry, how they work, properties, dental uses, benefits, drawbacks, comparisons, and future directions, highlighting their potential in creating the next generation of dental materials that resist biofilm.


Keywords

Zwitterionics; 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), Sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA); Carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA); Antifouling materials.



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References


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