Pharmacognostical, Phenetics, Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation and DNA Barcode of Clerodendrum Inerme.

Author

Dr. A. Krishnaveni, M. Renuga, V. Nithya, D. Merlin ilavarasi


Abstract

 Background

Clerodendrum inerme , belongs to Lamiacea. It is traditionally refers to Sangakuppi & Anjali by Tamilnadu peoples. The plant  native to India, China, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar and Africa. Tribal communities of Anantapur district, Andhrapradesh used the plant to treat the skin disease, atopic rhinitis and oedema.

Materials and methods

Leaves were collected from Ari nursery garden, Madakkulam, Madurai district, Tamilnadu in the month of February 2026. It was identified and authenticated by Dr.Stephen Assistant professor (Retd), Dept of Botany,American college, Madurai. The leaves were collected and  Pharmacognostical studies includes Macroscopical, Microscopical, Powder analysis and DNA Barcoding were determined. Leaves were collected, washed with water, shade dried, powered, extracted with hydro alcohol,  extract was concentrated  and  was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, Limit of quantification (LOQ), Limit of detection (LOD),  Hydroalcoholic extract of Clerodendrum inerme leaf (HAECIL) was used for evaluation of  In-Vitro Anti-oxidant studies.

Results and discussion

Pharmacognostical Macroscopical studies showed that leaves were arranged in opposite, acute apex, short, sturdy petiole, entire margin with reticular venation. Microscopical studies of leaf showed single layered upper and lower epidermis with barrel shaped cells, few rosette and prismatic crystals were present. Petiole appeared with plano-convex shape, non-glandular trichomes, Calcium oxalate crystals  were present. Quantitative estimation of microscopy reported for leaf such as epidermal number(108cells/mm2), stomatal number(12 cells/mm2), stomatal index(10 cells/mm2), vein islet(cells/mm2), vein-termination (6 cells/mm2)and palisade ratio(15 cells/mm2).Powder microscopy showed covering of trichome, petiole, anomocytic stomata, reticular vessels, prismatic and rosette crystals. Physiochemical parameters such as foreign organic matter,  loss on drying, total solid content, extractive values with petroleum ether , ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water showed results of 20.9%w/w, 28%w/w, 29.25%w/w, 40.9%w/w and 32.7%w/w respectively. Ash values includes total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash and showed  values of  11.20%w/w, 8.75%w/w and 4.05%w/w respectively. Foaming index was found to be1000.DNA barcoding  was determined  showed the sequences of nucleotides  that complies within the acceptable limits 71 out of 80.Phenetics were done to find similarities and dissimilarities, Sample matching Coefficient proved 48%.

HAECIL was prepared by maceration technique and percentage was found to be 25.75%w/v. Phytochemical screening were done by HAECIL and showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, sterols, triterpenoids, reducing sugar, quinone and coumarins. LOD & LOQ were performed and  the  result was observed as  36.3 µg/ml & 110µg/ml respectively. HAECIL  checked  for quantitative estimation of flavonoid, phenol and tannin equivalent and  was estimated as 590QE/g, 509GAE/g & 633TAE/g respectively.

Conclusion

The first article reported the Phenetics, DNA barcode were collected from Madurai district, Tamilnadu. The pharmacognostical, phytochemical and quantitative estimation showed the plant characteristics and support for future reference article.



Keywords

Clerodendrum inerme, Garden quinine, Wild jasmine, Lamiaceae family, Pharmacognostical standardization, Macroscopic evaluation



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