Microbial Degradation of Water Pipelines and Effects of Polluted Water on Human Health

Author

Zahid Saqib, Muhammad Hassan, Rashid Saeed , Usman Ghani , Muhammad Raess Ashraf


Abstract

The degradation of water supplies is linked with poor anthropogenic activities. This study determines that contamination of water supply occurs because of destabilization of pipe material and deposits in the water distribution system due to physiochemical and microbiological processes that have developed over decades and cause health issues (Hepatitis C, and GIT disorders) which result in the death rate of 3.4 million people over the globe. This study was conducted in Gujrat, Pakistan and the primary source of data collection was a survey questionnaire while secondary sources involved a comprehensive literature review. ANOVA test, Correlation, and reliability analysis were applied to test the variables. The results of this study revealed that contaminated water supplies, oxyhydroxide products of corrosion, the mixture of sewage, and industrial effluents were significantly associated with the contamination of water supplies. The findings of this study also explore the contamination of household store water (HSW), contaminated water supplies, and the mixture of sewage, and industrial effluents that were responsible for water contamination, whereas; the condition of underground water supply pipelines was very worse. The use of upgraded water supply systems and water purification technologies is a common global practice that would be useful to reduce water supply contamination. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature on water supply contamination, the framework of water quality parameters, and low-cost adaptable water treatment techniques.


Keywords

Anthropogenic, Microbiological processes, Oxyhydroxide, Industrial effluents, Water quality, Purification technologies


DOI : https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.3.10.49


Full Text:

Download Paper PDF


References


  1. Adams, C., Wang, Y., Loftin, K., & Meyer, M. (2002). Removal of antibiotics from surface and distilled water in conventional water treatment processes. Journal of environmental engineering, 128(3), 253-260. 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:3(253)
  2. Ajala, O. J., Ighalo, J. O., Adeniyi, A. G., Ogunniyi, S., & Adeyanju, C. A. (2020). Contamination issues in sachet and bottled water in Nigeria: a mini-review. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00478-5 
  3. Antony, A., Low, J. H., Gray, S., Childress, A. E., Le-Clech, P., & Leslie, G. (2011). Scale formation and control in high pressure membrane water treatment systems: A review. Journal of membrane science, 383(1-2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.054 
  4. Bell, J., Plumb, J. J., Buckley, C. A., & Stuckey, D. C. (2000).Treatment and decolorization of dyes in an anaerobic baffled reactor. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126(11), 1026-1032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:11(1026) 
  5. Bhargava, A. (2016). Physico-chemical waste water treatment technologies: an overview. Int J Sci Res Educ, 4(5), 5308-5319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsre/v4i05.05 
  6. Bolto, B., Dixon, D., Eldridge, R., King, S., &Linge, K. (2002).Removal of natural organic matter by ion exchange.Water research, 36(20), 5057-5065. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00231-2
  7. Boyd, G. R., Reemtsma, H., Grimm, D. A., &Mitra, S. (2003). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and Ontario, Canada.Science of the total Environment, 311(1-3), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00138-4 
  8. Broo, A.E., Berghult, B., Hedberg, T., 2001.Pipe material selection in drinking water systems-a conference summary. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 1 (3), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0059 
  9. Chu C, Lu C, Lee C. Effects of inorganic nutrients on the regrowth of heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water distribution systems.Journal of Environmental Management. 2005;74:255-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.09.007
  10. Dasari, M. A., Kiatsimkul, P. P., Sutterlin, W. R., &Suppes, G. J. (2005).Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol. Applied Catalysis A: General, 281(1-2), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.11.033 
  11. Enning D, Garrelfs J. Corrosion of iron by sulfate-reducing bacteria: New views of an old problem. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014;80(4):1226-1236 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02848-13 
  12. Esplugas, S., Gimenez, J., Contreras, S., Pascual, E., &Rodrı́guez, M. (2002). Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for phenol degradation. Water research, 36(4), 1034-1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00301-3 
  13. Gazso, G. L. (2001). The key microbial processes in the removal of toxic metals and radionuclides from the environment.Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Hungary.
  14. Güler, C., Thyne, G. D., McCray, J. E., & Turner, K. A. (2002).Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data.Hydrogeology journal, 10(4), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0196-6 
  15. Gupta, V. K., Ali, I., Saleh, T. A., Nayak, A., &Agarwal, S. (2012). Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview.Rsc Advances, 2(16), 6380-6388. 10.1039/C2RA20340E
  16. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., &Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long range planning, 46(1-2), 1-12.
  17. Huber, G. W., Chheda, J. N., Barrett, C. J., &Dumesic, J. A. (2005). Production of liquid alkanes by aqueous-phase processing of biomass-derived carbohydrates. Science, 308(5727), 1446-1450. 10.1126/science.1111166 
  18. Igwe, J., &Abia, A. A. (2006).A bioseparation process for removing heavy metals from waste water using biosorbents.African journal of biotechnology, 5(11).
  19. Jain, R. (2012). Providing safe drinking water: a challenge for humanity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-011-0446-1 
  20. Khan, S., Shahnaz, M., Jehan, N., Rehman, S., Shah, M. T., & Din, I. (2013). Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. Journal of cleaner production, 60, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.016 
  21. LaPara, T. M., Konopka, A., Nakatsu, C. H., &Alleman, J. E. (2000).Thermophilic aerobic wastewater treatment in continuous-flow bioreactors.Journal of environmental engineering, 126(8), 739-744. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:8(739)
  22. Lee, J. D., Lee, S. H., Jo, M. H., Park, P. K., Lee, C. H., &Kwak, J. W. (2000). Effect of coagulation conditions on membrane filtration characteristics in coagulation− microfiltration process for water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(17), 3780-3788. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9907461 
  23. Lin, S. H., &Juang, R. S. (2002).Removal of free and chelated Cu (II) ions from water by a nondispersive solvent extraction process.Water research, 36(14), 3611-3619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00074-X 
  24. Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E., ...& Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The lancet, 379(9832), 2151-2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60560-1 
  25. Malik, Q. A., & Khan, M. S. (2016). Effect on human health due to drinking water contaminated with heavy metals. J. Pollut. Eff. Cont, 5(1).
  26. Mohammad, A. W., Teow, Y. H., Ang, W. L., Chung, Y. T., Oatley-Radcliffe, D. L., &Hilal, N. (2015). Nanofiltration membranes review: Recent advances and future prospects. Desalination, 356, 226-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.043 
  27. Nasir, A., Arslan, C., Khan, M. A., Nazir, N., Awan, U. K., Ali, M. A., &Waqas, U. (2012).Industrial waste water management in district Gujranwala of Pakistan-current status and future suggestions. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49(1), 79-85.
  28. Nweke, O. C., & Sanders III, W. H. (2009). Modern environmental health hazards: a public health issue of increasing significance in Africa. Environmental health perspectives, 117(6), 863-870. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800126 
  29. Pala, A., &Tokat, E. (2002).Color removal from cotton textile industry wastewater in an activated sludge system with various additives.Water research, 36(11), 2920-2925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00529-2 
  30. Patrick, L. (2003). Toxic metals and antioxidants: Part II. The role of antioxidants in arsenic and cadmium toxicity.Alternative medicine review, 8(2).
  31. Pinkston, K. E., &Sedlak, D. L. (2004).Transformation of aromatic ether-and amine-containing pharmaceuticals during chlorine disinfection.Environmental science & technology, 38(14), 4019-4025. https://doi.org/10.1021/es035368l 
  32. Prüss, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L., & Bartram, J. (2002).Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level.Environmental health perspectives, 110(5), 537-542.
  33. Rust and iron corrosion in flint drinking water pipes. (Retrieved on; 19th July, 2021) http://flintwaterstudy.org/
  34. Salem, A. A. (2019). Microbiological Studies during the Different Treatments of Drinking Water in Road El-Farag Station. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 57(2), 483-492. 10.21608/assjm.2019.44929 
  35. Sathanarayanan, U. (2007). Textbook of Biotechnology Books and Ailled (P) Ltd.
  36. Snyder, S. A., Wert, E. C., Rexing, D. J., Zegers, R. E., & Drury, D. D. (2006). Ozone oxidation of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 28(6), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919510601039726 
  37. Tan, B. H., Teng, T. T., & Omar, A. M. (2000). Removal of dyes and industrial dye wastes by magnesium chloride. Water research, 34(2), 597-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00151-7 
  38. Ternes, T. A., Meisenheimer, M., McDowell, D., Sacher, F., Brauch, H. J., Haist-Gulde, B., ...&Zulei-Seibert, N. (2002). Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment.Environmental science & technology, 36(17), 3855-3863. https://doi.org/10.1021/es015757k 
  39. The Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water.The Punjab Gazette (Extraordinary) August 15, 2016. Source: epd.punjab.gov.pk
  40. Turek, N. F. (2006). Investigation of copper contamination and corrosion scale mineralogy in aging drink water distributions systems. AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT.
  41. Videla HA.Microbially induced corrosion: An updated overview.International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2001;48:176-201 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00081-6 
  42. Wahman, D. G., Pinelli, M. D., Schock, M. R., & Lytle, D. A. (2021). Theoretical equilibrium lead (II) solubility revisited: Open source code and practical relationships. AWWA Water Science, 3(5), e1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1250 
  43. Wang H, Chun H, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang Y, Yang M. Effects of microbial redox cycling of iron on cast iron pipe corrosion in drinking water distribution systems. Water Research. 2014;65:362-370 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.042 
  44. Wang, M., Xu, Y., Pan, S., Zhang, J., Zhong, A., Song, H., & Ling, W. (2011). Long-term heavy metal pollution and mortality in a Chinese population: an ecologic study. Biological trace element research, 142(3), 362-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8802-2 
  45. Watson, C. (2006). The importance of safe drinking water and sanitary systems for human health and well-being: a personal view. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 27(2), 85-89.
  46. Westerhoff, P., Yoon, Y., Snyder, S., &Wert, E. (2005). Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes. Environmental science & technology, 39(17), 6649-6663. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0484799 
  47. Yayintas, O. T., Yılmaz, S., Turkoglu, M., &Dilgin, Y. (2007). Determination of heavy metal pollution with environmental physicochemical parameters in waste water of Kocabas Stream (Biga, Canakkale, Turkey) by ICP-AES.Environmental monitoring and assessment, 127(1), 389-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9288-4 
  48. Yoon, H. G., Chan, D. W., Reynolds, A. B., Qin, J., & Wong, J. (2003). N-CoR mediates DNA methylation-dependent repression through a methyl CpG binding protein Kaiso. Molecular cell, 12(3), 723-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2003.08.008 
  49. Zouboulis, A. I., Lazaridis, N. K., &Grohmann, A. (2002). Toxic metals removal from waste waters by upflow filtration with floating filter medium. I. The case of zinc. Separation science and technology, 37(2), 403-416.https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-120000795 


Share your valuable work from Social Media Buttons